Population mobility plays a central role in reshaping territorial identities, perceptions of inequality, and trust in political institutions. Yet, the implications of internal migration for socio-political attitudes across the rural–urban divide remain insufficiently understood. Drawing on a large-scale national survey, this study examines how patterns of mobility influence perceptions of territorial inequality, attachment, and institutional trust. The findings show that movers—particularly those who relocate between rural and urban contexts—display significantly higher perceptions of inequality and lower identification with their new territorial communities compared to non-movers. These perceptions, in turn, partially mediate the negative relationship between mobility and institutional trust. Furthermore, the results reveal age and education effects consistent with differentiated capacities to adapt to spatial and social change. By connecting micro-level experiences of mobility with broader structures of territorial governance and inequality, this paper contributes to understanding how spatial mobility reshapes citizens’ political orientations and affects the legitimacy of governance across territories. The study thus advances ongoing debates on the politics of space, socio-territorial cohesion, and the governance of mobility and belonging in contemporary societies.